PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127308 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of China			Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian	MN 17											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16										Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian	MN 15										Late Pliocene	3.2
				Zanclean	MN 15										Early Pliocene	3.6
					MN 14											4.2
					MN 14							Hemphillian				4.7
					MN 13											4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	MN 13										Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian	MN 12											7.246
					MN 11											7.75
					MN 10											8.7
					MN 10							Clarendonian				9.4
					MN 9											9.7
					MN 7 + 8											11.1
				Serravallian											Middle Miocene	11.63
												Barstovian				12.5
					MN 6											12.8 *
				Langhian	MN 5											13.82
				Burdigalian	MN 4										Early Miocene	15.98
					MN 4							Hemingfordian				16.3
					MN 3							Hemingfordian				16.9
					MN 3							Arikareean				18.5
					MN 2											20
				Aquitanian	MN 2											20.44
				Aquitanian	MN 1											22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian						Kekeamuan					Early Oligocene	27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean			Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian							Bumbanian	Bridgerian			Early Eocene	47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan		Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian						Gashatan		Tiffanian			Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian								Puercan			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian		Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean		Shangsian	330.9
			Visean		Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
					Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian		Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian		Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		Emsian	393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian		Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian					Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian					Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
Stage 3		Series 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635