PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian	MN 17				Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16				Late Pliocene							2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15				Late Pliocene							3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15				Early Pliocene							3.6
			MN 14											4.2
			MN 13											4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13				Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12										Pannonian	7.246
			MN 11											7.75
			MN 10											8.7
			MN 9											9.7
			MN 7 + 8											11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8				Middle Miocene						Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6										Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5											13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4				Early Miocene							15.98
			MN 3											16.9
			MN 2											20
		Aquitanian	MN 2											20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1											22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
		Wuchiapingian												254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian				Lianghekou †	Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
								Aksaian				490.7 *
								Sakian				492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	Topazan			504.5
									Topazan			505.3
									Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †	Early Cambrian	509
								Toyonian				510 *
								Toyonian	Dyeran			511 *
								Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
									Montezuman			514.8 *
								Atdabanian	Montezuman			515.6 *
								Atdabanian	Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian				521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
														538.8