PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian	MN 17								Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16								Late Pliocene					2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15								Late Pliocene					3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15								Early Pliocene					3.6
			MN 14													4.2
			MN 13													4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13								Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12													7.246
			MN 11													7.75
			MN 10													8.7
			MN 9													9.7
			MN 7 + 8													11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8								Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6													12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5													13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4								Early Miocene					15.98
			MN 3													16.9
			MN 2													20
		Aquitanian	MN 2													20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1													22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian	Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan		Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Midian	264.28
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											489.5
												Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai		Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran			514
											Montezuman			514.8 *
											Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
											Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8