PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6		0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16							2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15							3.6
			MN 14							4.2
			MN 14				Hemphillian			4.7
			MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13							5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12							7.246
			MN 11							7.75
			MN 10							8.7
			MN 10				Clarendonian			9.4
			MN 9							9.7
			MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5		11.63
							Barstovian			12.5
			MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5							13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4							15.98
			MN 4				Hemingfordian			16.3
			MN 3				Hemingfordian			16.9
			MN 3				Arikareean			18.5
			MN 2							20
		Aquitanian	MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
							Whitneyan			29.5
							Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian	Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan	Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian			47.8
							Wasatchian			50.5
							Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1		56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian					Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4		100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3		113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Gzhelian		Virgilian		Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian		Xiaodushanian		303.7
				Missourian		Dalaun		305.8 *
				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
			Morrowan	318.4 *
				Huashibanian		318.5 *
				Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian		Carboniferous 3	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian		Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Jiusian			335 *
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2	Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1			529
										538.8