PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Permian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian	MN 17									Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16									Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
			MN 16										Ruscinian	3.1 *
			MN 15											3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15									Early Pliocene		3.6
			MN 14											4.2
			MN 13											4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13									Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12											7.246
			MN 11											7.75
			MN 10										Vallesian	8.7
			MN 9											9.7
			MN 7 + 8											11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8									Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6											12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5											13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4									Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
			MN 3										Orleanian	16.9
			MN 2										Agenian	20
		Aquitanian	MN 2											20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1											22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian			489.5
								Aksaian				490.7 *
								Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian							Paibian			494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian							Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	Drumian			500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	Drumian			503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
								Toyonian				510 *
								Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian	Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian	Nangaoian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian	Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian			530.7
														538.8