PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of North America			Devonian of Eastern North America			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian	MN 17														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16														2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15														3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15														3.6
			MN 14														4.2
			MN 13														4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13														5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12														7.246
			MN 11														7.75
			MN 10														8.7
			MN 9														9.7
			MN 7 + 8														11.1
		Serravallian	MN 7 + 8														11.63
		Serravallian	MN 6														12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5														13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4														15.98
			MN 3														16.9
			MN 2														20
		Aquitanian	MN 2														20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1														22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian						100.5
											Middle Albian						106.2 *
											Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian						113
		Aptian									Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian						139.8
											Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
											Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian						174.7
											Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
											Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
						Cayugan			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
						Niagaran			Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian		438.7 *
								Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
						Medinan				Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian										Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian										Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian										Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian										Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian										Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian										Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian										Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																	538.8