PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Zones	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian	MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian	MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean	MN 15									3.6
			MN 14									4.2
			MN 14							Hemphillian		4.7
			MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian	MN 12									7.246
			MN 11									7.75
			MN 10									8.7
			MN 10							Clarendonian		9.4
			MN 9									9.7
			MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian									Cenozoic 5	11.63
										Barstovian		12.5
			MN 6									12.8 *
		Langhian	MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian	MN 4									15.98
			MN 4							Hemingfordian		16.3
			MN 3							Hemingfordian		16.9
			MN 3							Arikareean		18.5
			MN 2									20
		Aquitanian	MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian	MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
										Whitneyan		29.5
										Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian		47.8
										Wasatchian		50.5
										Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian								Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian							Cretaceous 4	100.5
				Middle Albian								106.2 *
				Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian		Early Aptian	119.5 *						Cretaceous 3
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian		139.8
				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian		Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian		Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian		Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian		Shikhanian	Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
							Meramecian		335.8 *
							Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8			Devonian 1
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian			Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian			Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					514	Dyeran
								Montezuman	514.8 *
								Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
												538.8