PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Zones	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6										0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian	MN 17													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	MN 16													2.58
				Piacenzian	MN 15													3.2
				Zanclean	MN 15													3.6
					MN 14													4.2
					MN 13													4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	MN 13													5.333
				Tortonian	MN 12													7.246
					MN 11													7.75
					MN 10													8.7
					MN 9													9.7
					MN 7 + 8													11.1
				Serravallian	MN 7 + 8			Cenozoic 5										11.63
				Serravallian	MN 6													12.8 *
				Langhian	MN 5													13.82
				Burdigalian	MN 4													15.98
					MN 3													16.9
					MN 2													20
				Aquitanian	MN 2													20.44
				Aquitanian	MN 1													22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3										33.9
				Bartonian				Cenozoic 3										37.71
				Lutetian				Cenozoic 2										41.2
				Ypresian				Cenozoic 2										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1										56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8										66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7										72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6										83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian		Cretaceous 4										100.5
						Middle Albian												106.2 *
						Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3										113
				Aptian		Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3										119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2										121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2										125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1										132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian												139.8
						Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
						Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6										145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5										149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4										165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian												168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian												168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian												174.7
Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
Early Toarcian						182.9 *
Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		184.2
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		192.9
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3		227
			Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean		Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	Srbsko		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	Chotec		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2	Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
			Pragian		Devonian 1	Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		Devonian 1	Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1					433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			Harju		Porkuni	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian				Pirgu			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Vormsi			Kralodvorian		449.6 *
							Vormsi			Berounian		449.7 *
							Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
								Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4			Keila				Idavere †	453
								Haljala					453.9
								Haljala					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Kukruse							456.4 *
								Uhaku				Aluoja †			457.5 *
											Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3										458.4
										Dobrotivian					458.5 *
								Lasnamagi		Dobrotivian					458.9 *
								Lasnamagi		Oretanian					459.7 *
								Aseri							460.4 *
								Aseri			Sarka †				461.7 *
							Oeland	Kunda							462.9 *
								Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
								Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian		Ordovician 2						Klabava †					467.3
										Arenigian						468
								Billingen								469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †				470.1 *
								Hunneberg								473.7 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadocian				Hunneberg		477.7
								Varangu		481.3 *
								Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Pakerort		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian		Albertian †				497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran		Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4								Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Dyeran						514
										Montezuman						514.8 *
										Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1													529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian				720
		Tonian				Karatau										800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau										1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian										1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian										1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan										1375
																		1400