PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian							Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian								2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian								7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian								8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian								11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian								13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian								15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian								20
		Aquitanian	Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Senonian	66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian					Gallic	100.5
					Middle Albian						106.2 *
					Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian						113
		Aptian			Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian						139.8
					Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
					Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian						174.7
					Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
					Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian			Sevatian						208.5
					Alaunian						213.2 *
					Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian						227
		Carnian			Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	Vokhmian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel		Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian							307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian				Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani			433.4
		Telychian				Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian					485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
											538.8