PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127456 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Precambrian of Russia	Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran											Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan														Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian																		0.0042
				Greenlandian																		0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Sheridanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian														Rancholabrean				0.129
																		Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
							Castlecliffian															0.34
				Calabrian																		0.774
																		Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
							Nukumaruan															1.63
				Gelasian			Nukumaruan															1.8
				Gelasian			Mangapanian															2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian		Mangapanian															2.58
					Villanyian		Waipipian															3
					Ruscinian																	3.1 *
				Zanclean																		3.6
							Opoitian															3.7
							Opoitian											Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean															5.333
				Messinian			Tongaporutuan															7.2
				Tortonian																		7.246
					Vallesian																	8.7
																		Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
						Southland	Waiauan															11.04
				Serravallian	Astaracian																	11.63
																		Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
							Lillburnian															13.05
				Langhian			Lillburnian															13.82
							Clifdenian															15.1
						Pareora	Altonian															15.9
				Burdigalian	Orleanian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
																		Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
							Otaian															18.7
					Agenian																	20
				Aquitanian																		20.44
				Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian															21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
																				Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																				Geringian		24.7 *
							Duntroonian															25.2
							Whaingaroan															27.3
				Rupelian																		27.82
																		Whitneyan				29.5
																		Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
						Arnold	Runangan															34.6
							Kaiatan															36.7
																		Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian																		37.71
							Bortonian															39.1
																		Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian																		41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan															42.6
							Heretaungan															45.7
																		Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
				Ypresian																		47.8
							Mangaorapan															48.9
							Mangaorapan											Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
							Waipawan											Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
							Waipawan											Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian											Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
Tiffanian	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Thanetian				56.2
Tiffanian	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Selandian				59.2
Torrejonian	To3/To2/To1			Selandian				60.9
Torrejonian	To3/To2/To1			Danian				61.6
Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Danian				63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata		Haumurian			66
			Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara		Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian						86.3
			Turonian						89.8
						Mangaotanean			90.5
						Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence		Ngaterian			95.2
						Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
						Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai		Korangan			108.4
			Aptian			Korangan			113
			Aptian						117.5
			Barremian						121.4
			Hauterivian						125.77
			Valanginian						132.6
			Berriasian						139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
			Kimmeridgian						149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian						165.3
			Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian						Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian						Wordian		264.28
			Roadian						Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian						Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian								Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
			Kasimovian									303.7
			Moscovian									307
			Bashkirian									315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
			Visean									330.9
			Tournaisian									346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian				Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian					Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan	445.2
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
														Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc						Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
								Berounian				Streffordian			449.7 *
												Cheneyan			451.5 *
												Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian												453
				Actonian †										453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †										Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †											455.2 *
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Aurelucian					456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian													457.4 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn											458.4
								Dobrotivian									458.5 *
								Oretanian		459.7 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
										Sarka †						461.7 *
			Dapingian							Klabava †						467.3
								Arenigian								468
				Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian	470
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Tremadoc		Migneintian		477.7
						Tremadoc		Cressagian		480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian							Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau		1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan		1375
																						1400