PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian															Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian															Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian															Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian														Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian														Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian														Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian														Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian											Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian											Pannonian				8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian											Sarmatian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian												Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian														Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian															20
		Aquitanian	Agenian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian															Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian															Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian															Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian															Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian															Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Senonian	Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian											Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Gallic						100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian										Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian													Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
															Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian														Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Toarcian													Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian														Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian														Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian														Warepan		208.5
																Otamitan		217
																Oretian		221
		Carnian														Oretian		227
		Carnian													Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian														Etalian		238
		Anisian														Etalian		242
		Anisian														Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel			Mapingian †	298.9
			Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
							Cantabrian	305 *
								305.9
		Moscovian						307
			Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
																		487.5