PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous of Western Europe				Silurian Ages of Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian											2.58
				Piacenzian	Ruscinian											3.1 *
				Zanclean	Ruscinian											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Turolian											5.333
				Tortonian	Turolian											7.246
				Tortonian	Vallesian											8.7
				Serravallian	Astaracian											11.63
				Langhian	Astaracian											13.82
				Burdigalian	Orleanian											15.98
				Burdigalian	Agenian											20
				Aquitanian	Agenian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian									100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian									113
				Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
				Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
				Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian			Late Bajocian									168.2
				Bajocian			Early Bajocian									168.6 *
				Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian									174.7
							Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
							Early Toarcian									182.9 *
				Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian			Sevatian									208.5
							Alaunian									213.2 *
							Lacian									216.7 *
				Carnian			Tuvalian									227
				Carnian			Julian									233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian									237
				Ladinian			Fassanian									239.7 *
				Anisian			Illyrian									242
							Pelsonian									243.8 *
Bithynian						244.7 *
Aegean						245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
			Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
							Stephanian B		300.9 *
							Stephanian A		301.4 *
			Kasimovian				Stephanian A		303.7
			Kasimovian				Cantabrian		305 *
			Moscovian				Cantabrian		307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
							Westphalian C		309.8
							Westphalian B		314.6
			Bashkirian				Westphalian B		315.2
							Westphalian A		317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian		323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
						Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian			353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
								Gleedonian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
								Whitwellian		429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian						Bolindian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
									Eastonian	Chientangkiangian			449 *
									Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
									Gisbornian				452 *
			Sandbian						Gisbornian				453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian	Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian	Dapingian							468.5 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Chewtonian	Yiyangian							470
			Bendigonian								471.8 *
			Lancefieldian								473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian							477.7
										Lianghekou †	477.9 *
			Warendian							Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan							485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian							489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian							489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian							493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids								497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																1400