PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian									Mangapanian						2.58
			Villanyian									Waipipian						3
			Ruscinian															3.1 *
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian								Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
			Vallesian															8.7
			Vallesian								Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian	Astaracian									Waiauan						11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian						13.82
												Clifdenian						15.1
											Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian	Orleanian									Altonian						15.98
			Orleanian									Otaian						18.7
			Agenian															20
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
												Duntroonian						25.2
												Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian														Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
											Arnold	Runangan						34.6
												Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian						41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
												Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan					Bumbanian	47.8
												Mangaorapan						48.9
												Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian				Gashatan		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian										Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
												Mangaotanean						90.5
												Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan						93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
												Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan						100.5
												Urutawan						103.3
											Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian										Korangan						113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian	Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Chesterian		330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Pirgu	445.2
						Kralodvorian			Vormsi	449.6 *
						Berounian			Vormsi	449.7 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
				Zahorany †/Vinice					Haljala		Letna †	456.2 *
									Kukruse			456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
				Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
						Dobrotivian						458.5 *
						Dobrotivian			Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Oretanian			Lasnamagi			459.7 *
									Aseri			460.4 *
				Sarka †					Aseri			461.7 *
							Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †									467.3
						Arenigian							468
									Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
									Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian					Hunneberg				477.7
									Varangu				481.3 *
									Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort	Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
													Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
													Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								St Davids				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Caerfai				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3												Dyeran		514
														Montezuman		514.8 *
														Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
																		538.8