PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Ordovician of the Baltic				Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of North America	Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian												2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian												3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian												5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian												7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian												8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian												11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian												15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian												20
		Aquitanian	Agenian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian			174.7
												Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
												Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian										Sevatian			208.5
												Alaunian			213.2 *
												Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian										Tuvalian			227
		Carnian										Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian			237
		Ladinian										Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian										Illyrian			242
												Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel		298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian				303.7
			Khamovnikian				304.8
			Khamovnikian			Cantabrian	305 *
			Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian				307
			Myachkovian	Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Podolskian			Westphalian D	308.9 *
			Podolskian			Westphalian C	309.8
			Kashirian				311.4 *
			Vereian				313.8
			Vereian			Westphalian B	314.6
			Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian				315.2
			Cheremshanian				316.9 *
			Cheremshanian			Westphalian A	317 *
			Prikamian			Westphalian A	318.6 *
			Prikamian	Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Severokeltmian			Yeadonian	319.9 *
			Severokeltmian			Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian			Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian			Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Voznesenian			Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			Chokierian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian			Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian				324.4 *
			Steshevian				326.8 *
			Steshevian			Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian			Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
			Mikhailovian				331.9 *
			Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Tulian				335.8 *
			Tulian	Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Bobrikian	Livian		Asbian †	339.9 *
			Bobrikian	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Radaevkian	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Ivorian			346.7
			Kizelian				350.7 *
			Cherepetian				351.9 *
			Cherepetian	Hastarian			353.7 *
			Karakubian				354.4 *
			Upinian				356.3 *
			Malevkian				357.6 *
			Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
							Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
							Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych		Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
									436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
					Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju			Porkuni		443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		445.2
								Vormsi		449.6 *
								Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru			Rakvere			450.6 *
								Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian						Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland			Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg				477.7
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean							493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	514			Dyeran
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
															538.8