PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian			Late Pliocene									2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian			Late Pliocene									3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian			Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian												7.246
			Vallesian												8.7
			Vallesian										Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Astaracian			Middle Miocene							Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian			Early Miocene									15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
													Arikareean		18.5
			Agenian												20
		Aquitanian	Agenian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan					27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene					Bumbanian		Bridgerian		47.8
													Wasatchian		50.5
													Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene				Gashatan			Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene				Gashatan			Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene							Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene							Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
				Planulata			179.3 *
				Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense				181.3 *
				Carlottense				182.3 *
				Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae				184.2
				Freboldi				185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian	Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Gleedonian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan				445.2
						Cautleyan				448.9 *
						Pusgillian				449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan					451.5 *
						Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian				Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian		470
				Whitlandian		471.1 *
				Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
															485 *