PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Carboniferous of China	Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian				Mangapanian				2.58
			Villanyian				Waipipian				3
			Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian			Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
			Vallesian								8.7
			Vallesian			Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian	Astaracian				Waiauan				11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian				13.82
							Clifdenian				15.1
						Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian	Orleanian				Altonian				15.98
			Orleanian				Otaian				18.7
			Agenian								20
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
							Duntroonian				25.2
							Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
						Arnold	Runangan				34.6
							Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian				41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
							Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan		Bumbanian		47.8
							Mangaorapan				48.9
							Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian	Gashatan			56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian					Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
							Mangaotanean				90.5
							Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan				93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
							Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan				100.5
							Urutawan				103.3
						Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian					Korangan				113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian				300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian				303.7
						Dalaun				305.8 *
										305.9
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
						Huashibanian				318.5 *
						Lousuan				321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian				323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian				330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian				330.9
		Visean				Jiusian				335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					438.5	Adavere
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
											443.8