PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of the Baltic	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian												2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian												3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian												5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian												7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian												8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian												11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian												15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian												20
		Aquitanian	Agenian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller								259.51
		Wordian					Leine								264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian												Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel										Bursumian †	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel										Virgilian	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C										300.3 *
					Stephanian B										300.9 *
					Stephanian A										301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A	Missourian		303.7
					Cantabrian	Missourian		305 *
						Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian						307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
					Westphalian C			309.8
					Westphalian C	Atokan		312.7 *
					Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B			315.2
					Westphalian A			317 *
					Westphalian A	Morrowan		318.4 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Alportian	322 *
				Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	Chesterian	323.2
				Arnsbergian		324 *
				Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
			Warnantian	Brigantian †	Meramecian	335.8 *
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Osagean	346.7
			Ivorian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
			Hastarian		Kinderhookian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian				Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian				Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani			433.4
		Telychian				Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
									Dobrotivian		458.5 *
									Oretanian		459.7 *
							Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8