PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian									Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian				Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian									3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian									5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian									11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian									15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian									20
		Aquitanian	Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian							100.5
					Middle Albian							106.2 *
					Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian							113
		Aptian			Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian							139.8
					Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
					Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian							174.7
					Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
					Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian			Sevatian							208.5
					Alaunian							213.2 *
					Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian							227
		Carnian			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian					264.9 *
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
			Khamovnikian	304.8
			Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian	307
			Podolskian	308.9 *
			Kashirian	311.4 *
			Vereian	313.8
			Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian	315.2
			Cheremshanian	316.9 *
			Prikamian	318.6 *
			Severokeltmian	319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran	514
									Montezuman	514.8 *
									Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8