PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128235 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian												Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian											Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian											Late Pliocene		3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian											Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian													7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian													8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian											Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian											Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian											Early Miocene		15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian													20
		Aquitanian	Agenian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian												Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian				Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
		Induan														251.2
		Induan		Kathwai												251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai												251.902
																252.4 *
				Chhidru												252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru											Zechstein	254.14
				Kalabagh												255 *
				Wargal												256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian													Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian														264.28
																265.3 *
				Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb	266.9
		Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort			Late Cambrian	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																538.8