PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian							Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian							Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian							Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian								7.246
			Vallesian								8.7
			Vallesian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Astaracian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian							Early Miocene	15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
			Agenian								20
		Aquitanian	Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene	23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian		Leine				264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien			Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian				Siegen		407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien			Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian	509
		Stage 3					Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8