PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Units	Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Gelasian						Early Pleistocene					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian					Late Pliocene					2.58
				Piacenzian	Ruscinian					Late Pliocene					3.1 *
				Zanclean	Ruscinian					Early Pliocene					3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Turolian					Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian	Turolian										7.246
				Tortonian	Vallesian										8.7
				Serravallian	Astaracian					Middle Miocene					11.63
				Langhian	Astaracian					Middle Miocene					13.82
				Burdigalian	Orleanian					Early Miocene					15.98
				Burdigalian	Agenian										20
				Aquitanian	Agenian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene					33.9
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene					37.71
				Lutetian						Middle Eocene					41.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene					56
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein									251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein									254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller									259.51
				Wordian		Leine									264.28
				Roadian											266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
				Artinskian											283.5
				Sakmarian											290.1
				Asselian											293.52
				Asselian			Kuzel								297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9			Kuzel
				Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian		322 *
					Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian		323.2
					Arnsbergian		324 *
					Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian			346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
			Tremadocian							477.7
			Tremadocian							Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
	Paibian		494
	Paibian		Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan			509
			Toyonian			Lenian †				510 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400