PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Units	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean						Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian					Irvingtonian						Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian					Irvingtonian						Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian					Blancan							1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian										Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian	Ruscinian										Late Pliocene	3.1 *
				Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean					Hemphillian						Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Turolian										Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian	Turolian											7.246
					Vallesian											8.7
					Vallesian				Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian	Astaracian				Clarendonian						Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian					Barstovian							12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian	Orleanian										Early Miocene	15.98
									Hemingfordian							16.3
									Arikareean							18.5
					Agenian											20
				Aquitanian	Agenian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian							Kekeamuan				Early Oligocene	27.82
									Whitneyan							29.5
									Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian					Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian					Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian					Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian					Uintan							41.2
				Lutetian					Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian					Bridgerian			Bumbanian			Early Eocene	47.8
									Wasatchian							50.5
									Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian		Gashatan				Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian					Tiffanian		Gashatan				Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian					Tiffanian						Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian					Torrejonian						Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian					Torrejonian						Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian					Puercan						Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian						66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic						100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian						Neocomian						125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
			Induan	251.2
			Induan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai		Dorashamian	251.902
							252.4 *
				Chhidru			252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Chhidru		Dzhulfian	254.14
				Kalabagh			255 *
				Wargal			256 *
							Tatarian	Vyatkian					256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian		Midian					259.51
			Wordian			Urzhumian							264.28
													265.3 *
				Amb									266.1 *
								Murgabian					266.2 *
			Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian						266.9
			Roadian	Sokian		Kazanian							270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian		273.01
					Filipovian	Kubergandian		276.5 *
					Filipovian	Bolorian		279.8
					Saraninian			280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
					Irginian			285.9 *
					Irginian	Yakhtashian		286
					Burtsevian	Yakhtashian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	Sakmarian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Asselian		293.52
					Uskalykian			294.8
					Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
Stairsian									480.3 *
Skullrockian									Demingian †			482 *
Skullrockian	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Stage 10									487.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
			Cryogenian											635
			Tonian											720
			Tonian										Karatau	800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
			Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
			Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
			Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
																1400