PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Units	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian												2.58
				Piacenzian	Ruscinian												3.1 *
				Zanclean	Ruscinian												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Turolian												5.333
				Tortonian	Turolian												7.246
				Tortonian	Vallesian												8.7
				Serravallian	Astaracian											Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Langhian	Astaracian												13.82
				Burdigalian	Orleanian												15.98
				Burdigalian	Agenian												20
				Aquitanian	Agenian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Cenozoic 4	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				Cenozoic 4	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Cenozoic 3	33.9
				Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Cenozoic 3	37.71
				Lutetian												Cenozoic 2	41.2
				Ypresian								Bumbanian				Cenozoic 2	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan					Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian										Cretaceous 4	100.5
						Middle Albian											106.2 *
						Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian										Cretaceous 3	113
				Aptian		Early Aptian										Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian										Cretaceous 2	121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										Cretaceous 2	125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										Cretaceous 1	132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
						Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
						Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									Jurassic 6	145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									Jurassic 6	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian										Jurassic 5	149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										Jurassic 4	165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras				168.2
						Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
						Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Jurassic 3	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
													Planulata				179.3 *
															Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
													Kanense				181.3 *
													Carlottense				182.3 *
						Early Toarcian							Carlottense				182.9 *
						Early Toarcian							Kunae				183.5 *
Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		184.2					Kunae
								Freboldi	185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1				192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian									208.5
				Alaunian									213.2 *
				Lacian									216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian						Triassic 3			227
			Carnian	Julian						Triassic 3			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian						Triassic 2			237
			Ladinian	Fassanian									239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian									242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1					247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian		Permian 3					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2					273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian		Permian 1					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5					298.9
			Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5					303.7
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4					307
			Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3					323.2
			Visean		Carboniferous 2					330.9
			Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko					Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec					Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian					Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian		Pragian					Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill			Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan			445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
							Caradoc			Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan				451.5 *
										Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian									Ordovician 4		453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		458.4
			Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		461.3 *
			Dapingian						Ordovician 2	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian				Arenig			Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470				Fennian
						Whitlandian		471.1 *
						Moridunian		474.3 *
			Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian	Ordovician 1	477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
									485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Cambrian 5	485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian					Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan					Cambrian 3	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Cambrian 3	509
		Series 2	Stage 3					Cambrian 2	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Cambrian 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †				571.7 *
																	635