PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Zones	Permian of Western Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian						MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian					MN 16			2.58
			Ruscinian					MN 16			3.1 *
								MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15			3.6
								MN 14			4.2
								MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian					MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12			7.246
								MN 11			7.75
			Vallesian					MN 10			8.7
								MN 9			9.7
								MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian	Astaracian					MN 7 + 8			11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian					MN 4			15.98
			Orleanian					MN 3			16.9
			Agenian					MN 2			20
		Aquitanian						MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons							180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen					407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8