PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs		Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian						Late Pliocene							2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian						Late Pliocene							3.1 *
		Zanclean	Ruscinian						Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian						Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian													7.246
		Tortonian	Vallesian													8.7
		Serravallian	Astaracian						Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian	Astaracian						Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian						Early Miocene							15.98
		Burdigalian	Agenian													20
		Aquitanian	Agenian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian		174.7
														Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
														Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian												Sevatian		208.5
														Alaunian		213.2 *
														Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian												Tuvalian		227
		Carnian												Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel			298.9
			Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian		307		Cantabrian
			Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
				Westphalian C		309.8
				Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B		315.2
				Westphalian A		317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
				Marsdenian		320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
				Alportian		322 *
				Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian		323.2
				Arnsbergian		324 *
				Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
							Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
							Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
						Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
									436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
						Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5		Pirgu
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo		Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian			Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian								470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian								477.7
								Lianghekou †					477.9 *
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort	Datsonian			485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
											Payntonian			486.8 *
		Jiangshanian									Iverian			489.5
		Paibian									Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Mindyallan			497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian			499
		Drumian		Undillan							500.5
		Drumian		Floran							503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian	509
																510.8 *