PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian Subages	Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian									Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian										0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan										0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean							Tertiary †		Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan										3.6
				Montehermosan										3.7 *
				Huayquerian									Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
				Chasicoan										7.9 *
				Mayoan										9.9 *
				Laventan										10.9 *
													Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian												11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran									Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian		Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian										15.98
				Santacrucian										16.2 *
				Santacrucian									Xiejiaan	16.9
				Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian										20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican										33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan										35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan										41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan										47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran										47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican										56
				Itaboraian										56.9 *
				Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai		251.902
					252.4 *
			Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru		Longtanian †	254.14
			Kalabagh			255 *
			Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
			Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb			266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian				Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian	489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
										Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian								Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †						Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian							509
											Toyonian	510 *
											Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
														538.8