PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean											0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean											0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian											0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian											0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan											1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean		Hemphillian											4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian			Pannonian										7.246
				Tortonian		Clarendonian	Pannonian										9.4
				Serravallian		Clarendonian	Sarmatian										11.63
						Barstovian	Sarmatian										12.5
							Badenian										12.8 *
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
						Hemingfordian											16.3
						Arikareean											18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
						Whitneyan											29.5
						Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian											33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean											37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian											47.8
						Wasatchian											50.5
						Clarkforkian											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian											56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian											56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian		Puercan											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
Pliensbachian				184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian			298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian		Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		323.2
			Visean		Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian		443.8
			Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian				Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian				Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian											Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
Drumian			500.5										Marjumian
Wuliuan			Topazan										504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran										506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran				Early Cambrian						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran	514
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2		521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																	635