PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Units	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian			Lujanian			Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									0.129
				Irvingtonian		Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
				Blancan		Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian				Vorohuean			Yushean	2.58
					Villanyian				Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
					Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
									Montehermosan				3.7 *
				Hemphillian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
									Huayquerian			Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
									Chasicoan				7.9 *
					Vallesian								8.7
				Clarendonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
												Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian			Astaracian								11.63
				Barstovian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran			Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian							Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Orleanian				Friasian				15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
				Hemingfordian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
												Xiejiaan	16.9
									Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Arikareean		late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
					Agenian								20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
							Monroecreekian						23.1 *
							Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian											27.82
									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
				Whitneyan									29.5
				Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
				Chadronian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
									Mustersan				41.9 *
				Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
									Casamayoran				47.9 *
				Wasatchian		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
				Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican				56
				Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican				56.2
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
			Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian							59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian							61.6
			Tiupampan						62.4 *
			Tiupampan	Puercan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		100.5
									Middle Albian		106.2 *
									Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian	113
		Aptian							Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian	139.8
									Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
									Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian		174.7
									Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
									Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian							Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian				227
		Carnian			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian				237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
			Dobrotivian					458.5 *
			Oretanian					459.7 *
				Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8