PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian Subages of Germany	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of France
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean												0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean												0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean												0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean												0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian												0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian												0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan												1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean		Hemphillian												4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian		Clarendonian												9.4
				Serravallian		Clarendonian												11.63
				Serravallian		Barstovian												12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
						Hemingfordian												16.3
						Arikareean												18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
				Rupelian								Kekeamuan						27.82
						Whitneyan												29.5
						Orellan												31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan												41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian												46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian							Bumbanian					47.8
						Wasatchian												50.5
						Clarkforkian												54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian						Gashatan						56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian						Gashatan						56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian												59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian												60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian												61.6
				Danian		Puercan												63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Zechstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian	Leine			264.28
			Roadian	Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Autunian	Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Pragian						Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
			Tremadocian			Ungurian				477.7
			Tremadocian			Ungurian				Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian			Batyrbaian	489.5
										Aksaian			Aksaian	490.7 *
										Sakian			Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian											494
			Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian				Ayusokkanian			Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian				499.5
			Drumian										Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian										Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan			Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan											505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian								509
										Toyonian	Lenian †		Toyonian	510 *
										Botomian			Botomian	512.5 *
			Stage 3							Botomian			Botomian	514
			Stage 3							Atdabanian			Atdabanian	515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian			Tommotian	521
			Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
			Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635