PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean														0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean														0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean													Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean													Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian													Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian														0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan														1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian														4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian														9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian														11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian														12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
				Hemingfordian														16.3
				Arikareean														18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
				Whitneyan														29.5
				Orellan														31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian														33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean														37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean														37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan														41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian														46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian														47.8
				Wasatchian														50.5
				Clarkforkian														54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian														56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian														56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian														59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian														60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian														61.6
		Danian		Puercan														63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian							100.5
											Middle Albian							106.2 *
											Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian							113
		Aptian									Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian							139.8
											Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
											Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		303.7				Stephanian A
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian				305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian				307
				Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
			Valaste †/Hunderum							Kunda	464.3 *
										Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				467.3				Volkhov
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
			Latorp †								470.1 *
						Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg					477.7
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian			Pakerort						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian											Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran	514
															Montezuman	514.8 *
															Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																		538.8