PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian								0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian								0.129
		Chibanian		Ionian						Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian		3
		Zanclean								Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean								Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian								Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian							Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian								Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian								Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian		13.82
										Clifdenian		15.1
									Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian								Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian								Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Waitakian		23.03
										Duntroonian		25.2
										Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
									Arnold	Runangan		34.6
										Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian		41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
										Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian				Bumbanian				Heretaungan		47.8
										Mangaorapan		48.9
										Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan					Teurian		56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian								Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
										Mangaotanean		90.5
										Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan		93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
										Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan		100.5
										Urutawan		103.3
									Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian								Korangan		113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian				Urzhumian	264.9 *
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
								Filipovian	276.5 *
				Pavlovoposadian				Filipovian	276.8 *
								Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
								Irginian	285.9 *
				Rusavkinian				Irginian	287.6 *
								Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
								Uskalykian	294.8
								Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian					303.7
				Khamovnikian		304.8
				Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian	307
				Podolskian	308.9 *
				Kashirian	311.4 *
				Vereian	313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou			Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian		Bolindian	Chientangkiangian					445.2
				Eastonian	Chientangkiangian					449 *
				Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
				Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †			Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian	Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian	Dapingian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian	Yiyangian					470
				Bendigonian						471.8 *
				Lancefieldian						473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian					477.7
									Lianghekou †	477.9 *
				Warendian					Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian							485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
												538.8