PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units	Permian of North America		Silurian of North America		Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian												Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian										Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian		Ruscinian										Late Pliocene	3.1 *
				Zanclean		Ruscinian										Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian										Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian											7.246
				Tortonian		Vallesian											8.7
				Serravallian		Astaracian										Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian		Astaracian										Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian										Early Miocene	15.98
				Burdigalian		Agenian											20
				Aquitanian		Agenian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian												Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian												Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian												Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian												Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian												Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian													254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian										259.51
				Wordian			Wordian										264.28
				Roadian			Roadian										266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian									273.01
				Kungurian				Hessian									281.9 *
				Artinskian				Hessian									283.5
				Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian									286.1 *
				Sakmarian				Lenoxian									290.1
Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
						Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
						Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Raikkula		439.4 *
						Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
										440.7 *
			Rhuddanian							440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
										Whitlandian			471.1 *
										Moridunian			474.3 *
	Tremadocian		Tremadoc						Migneintian	477.7
			Tremadoc						Cressagian	480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635