PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Devonian Subages	Permian of Western Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian		Nihewanian		0.0117
				Chibanian				Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian				Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian				Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian				Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean		Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean				Chapadmalalan				3.6
								Montehermosan				3.7 *
								Huayquerian		Baodean		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
								Chasicoan				7.9 *
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
										Tunggurian		11.1
				Serravallian								11.63
				Serravallian				Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian				Colloncuran		Shanwangian		13.82
				Langhian				Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian				Friasian				15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
								Santacrucian		Xiejiaan		16.9
								Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian				Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Rupelian								27.82
				Rupelian				Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian				Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian				Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian								37.71
				Lutetian								41.2
				Lutetian				Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian				Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian				Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican				56
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian								59.2
				Danian								61.6
				Danian				Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian			Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
			Telychian				Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan		Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian					509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian		2050
		Siderian		2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
												4600