PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian			0.129
										Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
								Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
										Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
								Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian					2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian					3
		Zanclean						Waipipian					3.6
								Opoitian					3.7
								Opoitian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
							Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
								Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian					13.82
								Clifdenian					15.1
							Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
								Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
											Monroecreekian		23.1 *
											Geringian		24.7 *
								Duntroonian					25.2
								Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
							Arnold	Runangan					34.6
								Kaiatan					36.7
													37
		Bartonian											37.71
								Bortonian					39.1
										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
								Heretaungan					45.7
										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
								Mangaorapan					48.9
								Mangaorapan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
								Waipawan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
								Waipawan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian										To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian	Senonian				66
		Campanian	72.1					Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
				Mangaotanean	90.5
				Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke		Puaroan			145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke		Puaroan			149.2
			Kawhia		Ohauan			150
					Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan			176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan			184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian			201.4
		Norian			Warepan			208.5
					Otamitan			217
					Oretian			221
		Carnian			Oretian			227
		Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan			227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan			237
		Ladinian			Etalian			238
		Anisian			Etalian			242
		Anisian			Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian			247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian			249
		Induan			Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	Melekhovian		251.902
											252.4 *
								Chhidru			252.9 *
					Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian						254.14
					Puruhauan						254.2
								Kalabagh			255 *
								Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian					259.51
		Wordian								264.28
									Noginskian	264.9 *
										265.3 *
					Barettian					266
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian						Amb		266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
					Mangapirian					276
									Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian								283.5
					Telfordian					285
					Telfordian				Rusavkinian	287.6 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian		303.7
									Khamovnikian		304.8
				Krevyakinian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian						307
				Podolskian						308.9 *
				Kashirian						311.4 *
				Vereian						313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Cheremshanian		Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Prikamian			318.6 *
				Severokeltmian			319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		Lousuan	321.2 *
				Voznesenian		Lousuan	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian		Dewunian	323.2
				Protvian			324.4 *
				Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian			329 *
				Tarusian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean		Venevian			330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Aleksinian		Jiusian	335 *
				Tulian			335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian		Tangbagouan	346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
				Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian			356.3 *
				Malevkian			357.6 *
				Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian		Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian		Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran			514
					Montezuman			514.8 *
					Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
													538.8