PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian								100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian								113
		Aptian			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						168.2
					Late Bajocian			Humphresianum					168.4
					Early Bajocian			Humphresianum					168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					174.7
					Late Toarcian								180.1
					Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						182
					Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian			Sevatian								208.5
					Alaunian								213.2 *
					Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian								227
		Carnian			Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian								237
		Ladinian			Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian								242
					Pelsonian								243.8 *
					Bithynian								244.7 *
					Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian								247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian								248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian								251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian								251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian							Wordian				264.28
		Roadian							Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian			283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian			290.1
		Asselian								Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †					298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †					303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian						307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian						323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian						330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian			443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
						Dobrotivian		458.5 *
						Oretanian		459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian		Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian					489.5
							Aksaian					490.7 *
							Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian					Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan					Tuesaian					504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian						509
							Toyonian					510 *
							Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian					514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian					529
													538.8