PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic			Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †											2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Lancian/Edmontonian						66
				Campanian									Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian										Vokhmian					247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan										Vokhmian					251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
				Wordian							Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
				Roadian							Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian							273.01
				Kungurian								Hessian							281.9 *
				Artinskian								Hessian							283.5
				Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
				Sakmarian								Lenoxian							290.1
				Asselian								Nealian							293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
				Kasimovian															303.7
				Moscovian															307
				Bashkirian															315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian															323.2
				Visean															330.9
Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian				Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †		450 *
						Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
							Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †		453
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
							Lasnamagi			458.9 *
							Aseri			460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka			467.1 *
			Dapingian				Volkhov						467.3
			Dapingian				Billingen						469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
								Latorp †					470.1 *
							Hunneberg						473.7 *
			Tremadocian				Hunneberg						477.7
							Varangu						481.3 *
							Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort	Late Cambrian					Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
															Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian												Festiniogian	489.5
			Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian	493.1 *
	Paibian		494												Maentwrogian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian					St Davids							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian					Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
																			1400