PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian						Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene	Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian						Agenian	20
		Aquitanian						Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		Paibian		494
		Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian		Guzhangian		Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian	Branchian		Duyunian	509
		Stage 3		Branchian		Nangaoian	514
		Stage 3		Placentian		Nangaoian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian	530.7
									538.8