PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of England		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan		MN 17				1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian		MN 17				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian		MN 16				2.58
									Waipipian		MN 16				3
											MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean													3.6
									Opoitian						3.7
											MN 14				4.2
											MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian									MN 12				7.246
											MN 11				7.75
											MN 10				8.7
											MN 9				9.7
								Southland	Waiauan		MN 9				11.04
											MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian									MN 7 + 8				11.63
											MN 6				12.8 *
									Lillburnian		MN 6				13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian		MN 5				13.82
									Clifdenian						15.1
								Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian									MN 4				15.98
											MN 3				16.9
									Otaian		MN 3				18.7
											MN 2				20
		Aquitanian													20.44
								Landon	Waitakian						21.7
											MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
									Duntroonian						25.2
									Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
								Arnold	Runangan						34.6
									Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian							Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian						41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
									Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian							Heretaungan						47.8
									Mangaorapan						48.9
									Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian						56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian					Senonian	66
		Campanian							Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
									Mangaotanean						90.5
									Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9						Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian		438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian		Batyrbaian		Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
					Aksaian							490.7 *
					Sakian							492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian		Ayusokkanian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
					Ayusokkanian							Arcadian	498.4
					Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan					Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian								Branchian	Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian		Lenian †						510 *
					Toyonian					Dyeran			511 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3											514
										Montezuman			514.8 *
					Atdabanian								515.6 *
											Placentian		517.1
										Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian								521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
															538.8