PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian						3
		Zanclean										Waipipian						3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan						7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan						11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian						13.82
												Clifdenian						15.1
											Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian						15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
												Duntroonian						25.2
												Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian														Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
											Arnold	Runangan						34.6
												Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian						41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
												Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan					Bumbanian	47.8
												Mangaorapan						48.9
												Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian				Gashatan		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian										Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
												Mangaotanean						90.5
												Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan						93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
												Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan						100.5
												Urutawan						103.3
											Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian										Korangan						113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Pirgu	445.2
						Kralodvorian			Vormsi	449.6 *
						Berounian			Vormsi	449.7 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
			Zahorany †/Vinice						Haljala		Letna †	456.2 *
									Kukruse			456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
			Liben †									458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
						Dobrotivian						458.5 *
						Dobrotivian			Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Oretanian			Lasnamagi			459.7 *
									Aseri			460.4 *
			Sarka †						Aseri			461.7 *
							Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †										467.3
						Arenigian							468
									Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
									Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian						Hunneberg				477.7
									Varangu				481.3 *
									Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian						Pakerort				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
														Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															489.5
																Steptoean	493 *
														Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian										St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan													Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian										Caerfai		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran		514
															Montezuman		514.8 *
															Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																		538.8