PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain		Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian			100.5
														Middle Albian			106.2 *
														Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian			113
		Aptian												Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian			139.8
														Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
														Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian			174.7
														Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
														Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian												Sevatian			208.5
														Alaunian			213.2 *
														Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian												Tuvalian			227
		Carnian												Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Longobardian			237
		Ladinian												Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian												Illyrian			242
														Pelsonian			243.8 *
														Bithynian			244.7 *
														Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian												Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan												Dienerian			251.2
														Griesbachian			251.4 *
														Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														Kathwai	251.902
																	252.4 *
																Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian								Zechstein						Chhidru	254.14
																Kalabagh	255 *
																Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Rotliegendes							259.51
		Wordian															264.28
																	265.3 *
																Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian														Amb	266.9
		Roadian															270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju		Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
				Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
						Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
						Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
						Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian				Keila				Idavere †	453
						Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
						Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
									Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †			455.2 *
						Kukruse						456.4 *
								Aurelucian				456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
						Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
						Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
				Oeland		Kunda						462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
							Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
						Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
								Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Hunneberg		Whitlandian					473.7 *
								Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
								Cressagian					480.8 *
						Varangu							481.3 *
						Pakerort							482.2 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian					485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8