PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian															11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian					100.5
												Middle Albian					106.2 *
												Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian					113
		Aptian										Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian					139.8
												Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
												Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian					174.7
												Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
												Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian										Sevatian					208.5
												Alaunian					213.2 *
												Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian										Tuvalian					227
		Carnian										Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian					237
		Ladinian										Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian										Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		Chientangkiangian			445.2
									Cautleyan					448.9 *
									Cautleyan	Eastonian				449 *
									Pusgillian					449.3 *
									Pusgillian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
								Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan						451.5 *
									Cheneyan	Gisbornian					452 *
									Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian													453
														Actonian †	453.2 *
														Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †		455.2 *
			Aurelucian						456.8 *					Longvillian †
			Aurelucian						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Guniu †/Hulo			461.3 *
												Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian								Yapeenian	Dapingian				467.3
			Arenig					Fennian		Yapeenian					468.4 *
										Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Chewtonian	Yiyangian				470
								Whitlandian		Chewtonian					471.1 *
										Bendigonian					471.8 *
										Lancefieldian					473.5 *
								Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc					Migneintian			Xinchangian				477.7
								Migneintian					Lianghekou †		477.9 *
								Cressagian							480.8 *
								Cressagian		Warendian					482.8 *
										Warendian					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian						485.4
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian						497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																	538.8