PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian					0.0117
				Chibanian					Lujanian					0.129
				Chibanian					Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian					Ensenadan					0.774
				Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian					Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean					Chapadmalalan					3.6
									Montehermosan					3.7 *
									Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
									Chasicoan					7.9 *
									Mayoan					9.9 *
									Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian					Laventan					11.63
				Serravallian					Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian					Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian					Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Friasian					15.98
									Santacrucian					16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian					20.44
				Aquitanian					Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
				Rupelian					Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican					33.9
				Priabonian					Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Lutetian					Mustersan					41.9 *
				Ypresian					Mustersan					47.8
				Ypresian					Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican					56
									Itaboraian					56.9 *
									Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
				Danian					Tiupampan					62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian	Zisongian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	Virgilian	298.9
			Gzhelian		Virgilian	300.1
			Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen			407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	443.8
			Katian					Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian					Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian					Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian					Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	470
								Bendigonian	471.8 *
								Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian					Lancefieldian	477.7
			Tremadocian					Warendian	482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian		485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian		497
			Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian		Branchian	509
			Stage 3							Branchian	514
			Stage 3							Placentian	517.1
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400