PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Australia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian										0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean							Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian			3
		Zanclean											Waipipian			3.6
													Opoitian			3.7
						Baodean							Opoitian			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan			7.246
												Southland	Waiauan			11.04
						Tunggurian										11.1
		Serravallian														11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian				Shanwangian							Lillburnian			13.82
													Clifdenian			15.1
												Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
						Xiejiaan										16.9
													Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
													Duntroonian			25.2
													Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
												Arnold	Runangan			34.6
													Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian			41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
													Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan		Bumbanian	47.8
													Mangaorapan			48.9
													Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian											Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
													Mangaotanean			90.5
													Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan			93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
													Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan			100.5
													Urutawan			103.3
												Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian											Korangan			113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian		443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dobrotivian			458.5 *
			Oretanian			459.7 *
						Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian							Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10								Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian		489.5
		Paibian								Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian							Mindyallan		497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian		499
		Drumian								Undillan		500.5
		Drumian								Floran		503
		Wuliuan								Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan								Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian							Ordian		509
		Stage 4										510.8 *
		Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8