PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Permian of North America		Permian of China	Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian of the Salt Range
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Serravallian																	11.63
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian											Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian											Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian											Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
													Planulata						179.3 *
													Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
													Kanense						181.3 *
													Carlottense						182.3 *
													Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian											Kunae						184.2
													Freboldi						185.1 *
													Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
														Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
													Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian																	192.9
													Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
													Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian											Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
		Induan																	251.2
		Induan																Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian												Kathwai	251.902
																			252.4 *
																		Chhidru	252.9 *
						Baoqingian													253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
			Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	Kuhfengian			264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Roadian		Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian			Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
							Longlinian	285.4 *
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian		Nealian			Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †				456.2 *
										Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
									Dobrotivian							458.5 *
									Oretanian							459.7 *
										Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10												Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian				St Davids			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian			Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3															514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																			538.8