PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian					MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15				3.6
							MN 14				4.2
							MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12			Pannonian	7.246
							MN 11				7.75
							MN 10				8.7
							MN 9				9.7
							MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8			Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6			Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4				15.98
							MN 3				16.9
							MN 2				20
		Aquitanian					MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
		Wuchiapingian									254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Tatarian	Vyatkian						256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian						259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian						264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Filipovian	276.5 *
				Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
				Irginian	285.9 *
				Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian	294.8
				Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
						Aksaian			490.7 *
						Sakian			492.2 *
								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian	Topazan		504.5
							Topazan		505.3
							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian			Waucoban †	509
						Toyonian			510 *
						Toyonian	Dyeran		511 *
						Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3							514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
						Atdabanian	Montezuman		515.6 *
						Atdabanian	Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian			521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian							529
											538.8