PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran				Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
				Chibanian																0.129
				Chibanian										Castlecliffian						0.34
				Calabrian										Castlecliffian						0.774
				Calabrian										Nukumaruan						1.63
				Gelasian										Nukumaruan						1.8
				Gelasian										Mangapanian						2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian						2.58
				Piacenzian										Waipipian						3
				Zanclean										Waipipian						3.6
				Zanclean										Opoitian						3.7
			Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
				Messinian										Tongaporutuan						7.2
				Tortonian										Tongaporutuan						7.246
				Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan						11.04
				Serravallian										Waiauan				Cenozoic 5		11.63
				Serravallian										Lillburnian						13.05
				Langhian										Lillburnian						13.82
														Clifdenian						15.1
													Pareora	Altonian						15.9
				Burdigalian										Altonian						15.98
				Burdigalian										Otaian						18.7
				Aquitanian										Otaian						20.44
				Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian						21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian				Cenozoic 4		23.03
														Duntroonian						25.2
														Whaingaroan						27.3
				Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														Cenozoic 3		33.9
													Arnold	Runangan						34.6
														Kaiatan						36.7
				Bartonian										Kaiatan						37.71
				Bartonian										Bortonian						39.1
				Lutetian										Bortonian				Cenozoic 2		41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
														Heretaungan						45.7
				Ypresian										Heretaungan						47.8
														Mangaorapan						48.9
														Waipawan						52
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian				Cenozoic 1		56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian					Mata	Haumurian				Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Haumurian				Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Piripauan				Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
														Mangaotanean						90.5
														Arowhanan						93.7
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Arowhanan				Cretaceous 5		93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
														Motuan						99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian		Gallic						Motuan				Cretaceous 4		100.5
						Late Albian								Urutawan						103.3
						Middle Albian								Urutawan						106.2 *
						Middle Albian							Taitai	Korangan						108.4
						Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian												Cretaceous 3		113
						Late Aptian														117.5
						Early Aptian														119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Neocomian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
				Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
			Telychian					436.3 *
			Aeronian					438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	Ordovician 5		Kosovian	443.8
			Katian		Pirgu			Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
					Vormsi			Kralodvorian				449.6 *
					Vormsi			Berounian				449.7 *
					Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere							450.6 *
						Oandu							452 *
			Sandbian			Keila			Idavere †			Ordovician 4	453
						Haljala							453.9
						Haljala							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Kukruse									456.4 *
						Uhaku			Aluoja †						457.5 *
											Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Ordovician 3			458.4
								Dobrotivian							458.5 *
						Lasnamagi		Dobrotivian							458.9 *
						Lasnamagi		Oretanian							459.7 *
						Aseri									460.4 *
						Aseri					Sarka †				461.7 *
					Oeland	Kunda									462.9 *
						Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum						464.3 *
						Volkhov									Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian								Ordovician 2	Klabava †				467.3
								Arenigian								468
						Billingen										469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian													470
									Latorp †							470.1 *
						Hunneberg										473.7 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadocian		Hunneberg					477.7
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian			Pakerort			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Cambrian 5					485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian						Marjumian		Albertian †					Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian							Marjumian							Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan							Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian						Delamaran		Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4							Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran							Cambrian 2	514
									Montezuman								514.8 *
									Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian														Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau			1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan			1375
																				1400