PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic				European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian													MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													MN 16	2.58
				Piacenzian													MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean													MN 15	3.6
																	MN 14	4.2
																	MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian													MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian						Pannonian							MN 12	7.246
																	MN 11	7.75
																	MN 10	8.7
																	MN 9	9.7
																	MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian						Sarmatian							MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian						Badenian							MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian													MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian													MN 4	15.98
																	MN 3	16.9
																	MN 2	20
				Aquitanian													MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian													MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian												100.5
						Middle Albian												106.2 *
						Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian												113
				Aptian		Early Aptian												119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian												139.8
						Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
						Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian												168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian												168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian												174.7
						Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
						Early Toarcian												182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
Norian				Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		Ohesaare	419.2
						Bringewood/Elton		Ohesaare	421.3
						Bringewood/Elton		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas		Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
							436.3 *
			Aeronian				438.5
					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
							Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Late Cambrian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		485.4
			Stage 10								Niuchehean			487.5
			Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian								Paibian			494
Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Paibian	494.9 *							Paibian
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian	Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Drumian						Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian							504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Early Cambrian	Duyunian							509
Series 2		Stage 3		Nangaoian							514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2		Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian							530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635