PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian									0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian									0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan									0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Pannonian		9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Sarmatian		11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							Sarmatian		12.5
															Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
									Monroecreekian								23.1 *
									Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian								27.82
		Rupelian															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian															37
		Bartonian															37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1							60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1							61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian													100.5
				Middle Albian													106.2 *
				Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian													113
		Aptian		Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian													139.8
				Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
				Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian									Kawhia	Ohauan			150
				Early Kimmeridgian										Ohauan			152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian										Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		157.9 *	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Longobardian			Etalian	238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan			254.2
						Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian		Flettian				264.28
							Barettian				266
								Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian			Kazanian				Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian				Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian		273.01
							Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian			276
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Filipovian	Bolorian		279.8
								Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian			Sarginian			283.5
							Telfordian	Sarginian			285
								Irginian			285.9 *
								Irginian	Yakhtashian		286
								Burtsevian			287.8 *
								Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			Tastubian	Sakmarian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian			Shikhanian	Asselian		293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian		Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan	Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							506.5	Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran						Early Cambrian	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4	Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran										514
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8