PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of England	Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean							Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian						Pannonian	Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian						Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian						Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian	20
		Aquitanian							Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
				Planulata						179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
				Kanense						181.3 *
				Carlottense						182.3 *
				Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae						184.2
				Freboldi						185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian	Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8