PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Chibanian												Castlecliffian	0.34
				Calabrian												Castlecliffian	0.774
				Calabrian												Nukumaruan	1.63
				Gelasian												Nukumaruan	1.8
				Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	2.58
				Piacenzian												Waipipian	3
				Zanclean												Waipipian	3.6
				Zanclean												Opoitian	3.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
				Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
				Tortonian												Tongaporutuan	7.246
				Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan	11.04
				Serravallian												Waiauan	11.63
				Serravallian												Lillburnian	13.05
				Langhian												Lillburnian	13.82
																Clifdenian	15.1
															Pareora	Altonian	15.9
				Burdigalian												Altonian	15.98
				Burdigalian												Otaian	18.7
				Aquitanian												Otaian	20.44
				Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian	23.03
																Duntroonian	25.2
																Whaingaroan	27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
															Arnold	Runangan	34.6
																Kaiatan	36.7
				Bartonian												Kaiatan	37.71
				Bartonian												Bortonian	39.1
				Lutetian												Bortonian	41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
																Heretaungan	45.7
				Ypresian												Heretaungan	47.8
																Mangaorapan	48.9
																Waipawan	52
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian	56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Mata	Haumurian	66
				Campanian												Haumurian	72.1
				Santonian												Piripauan	83.6
				Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
																Mangaotanean	90.5
																Arowhanan	93.7
				Cenomanian												Arowhanan	93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
																Motuan	99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan	100.5
																Urutawan	103.3
															Taitai	Korangan	108.4
				Aptian												Korangan	113
				Aptian													117.5
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Bajocian			Humphresianum	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
							Planulata	179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
									180.1
							Kanense		181.3 *
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Kanense		182
							Carlottense		182.3 *
							Kunae		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Kunae		184.2
							Freboldi		185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
			Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
			Norian							208.5
			Carnian							227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian								Wordian	264.28
			Wordian							Noginskian	Wordian	264.9 *
			Roadian								Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
										Pavlovoposadian		Cathedralian	276.8 *
												Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
											Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
										Rusavkinian			287.6 *
			Sakmarian										290.1
			Asselian									Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
			Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian			303.7
										Khamovnikian			304.8
										Krevyakinian			305.8 *
			Moscovian							Myachkovian			307
										Podolskian			308.9 *
										Kashirian			311.4 *
										Vereian			313.8
										Melekessian			314.8
			Bashkirian							Melekessian			315.2
										Cheremshanian			316.9 *
										Prikamian			318.6 *
										Severokeltmian			319.9 *
										Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
										Voznesenian			321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Zapaltjubian			323.2
										Protvian			324.4 *
										Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian						329 *
			Visean	Venevian						330.9
				Mikhailovian						331.9 *
				Aleksinian						333.7 *
				Tulian						335.8 *
				Bobrikian						339.9 *
				Radaevkian						343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian						346.7
				Kizelian						350.7 *
				Cherepetian						351.9 *
				Karakubian						354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian			Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
Edenian							450.4 *
Mohawkian					Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian		Chatfieldian		453
					Turinian		453.7 *
Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
			Dapingian					467.3
			Dapingian		Rangerian			469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
					Stairsian					480.3 *
					Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian	Late Cambrian				Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
										Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian								Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian				Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan								Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan									505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian					509
										Toyonian	510 *
										Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian	514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian	521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
																	1400